1 Introduction

Engineered synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) represent a cutting-edge approach in agricultural biotechnology, leveraging the intricate relationships between plants and their associated microbiomes to enhance crop performance (Shayanthan et al., 2022). SynComs are meticulously designed consortia of microorganisms that are tailored to deliver specific beneficial traits to plants, such as improved growth, disease resistance, and stress tolerance (Song et al., 2024). The potential of SynComs in agriculture is vast, as they can be engineered to perform functions that natural microbial communities may not efficiently execute (Bu et al., 2024). For instance, SynComs can be designed to enhance crop resiliency against environmental stressors, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural practices (Souza et al., 2020; Yin et al., 2022).

Despite the promising potential of SynComs, their adoption in agriculture necessitates thorough risk assessment and effective communication strategies (Jin et al., 2024). Risk assessment is crucial to ensure that the introduction of SynComs does not inadvertently harm the environment or human health. This involves evaluating the ecological impacts, potential for horizontal gene transfer, and long-term stability of these engineered communities. Moreover, public perception plays a significant role in the acceptance of new biotechnologies. Effective communication strategies are essential to bridge the gap between scientific advancements and public understanding, addressing concerns and highlighting the benefits of SynComs. Transparent and inclusive communication can foster public trust and facilitate the adoption of SynComs in agricultural practices (Souza et al., 2020; Yin et al., 2022).

This study aims to explore the dual aspects of risk assessment and communication strategies essential for the successful adoption of SynComs in agriculture. By synthesizing current research and insights, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits and risks associated with SynComs. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of developing robust communication frameworks to engage stakeholders, including farmers, policymakers, and the general public. The significance of this study lies in its holistic approach to addressing both the scientific and societal dimensions of SynComs, ultimately contributing to the responsible and informed integration of this innovative technology into agricultural systems.

2 Understanding SynComs in Agriculture

2.1 Introduction of SynComs

Synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) represent a novel approach in agricultural biotechnology, designed to enhance plant performance by leveraging the beneficial traits of multiple microbial species. Unlike traditional single-strain inoculants, SynComs are engineered consortia of microorganisms that work synergistically to promote plant growth, resilience, and productivity. This method integrates principles from microbial ecology and genetics to create stable and effective inoculants tailored for specific agricultural needs (Souza et al., 2020; Sai et al., 2022; Shayanthan et al., 2022).

2.2 Current applications and benefits of SynComs in agricultural systems

SynComs have been applied in various agricultural contexts to address challenges such as soilborne diseases, nutrient acquisition, and environmental stress resilience. For instance, SynComs derived from rhizosphere soil have been shown to protect wheat against fungal pathogens, enhancing crop resilience and performance (Yin et al., 2022). Additionally, SynComs have been utilized to modulate drought stress responses in maize, resulting in reduced yield loss and improved physiological traits under severe drought conditions (Armanhi et al., 2021). These communities also play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers and improving crop growth on marginal soils (Sai et al., 2022; Shayanthan et al., 2022).

2.3 Comparison with traditional agricultural practices

Traditional agricultural practices often rely on chemical inputs and single-strain microbial inoculants, which can be inconsistent in their effectiveness due to varying environmental conditions. In contrast, SynComs offer a more robust and adaptable solution by mimicking natural microbial ecosystems and promoting synergistic interactions among microbial members. This approach not only enhances the stability and functionality of microbial communities but also provides a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system (Souza et al., 2020; Sai et al., 2022; Shayanthan et al., 2022). By integrating advanced computational methods and next-generation sequencing, SynComs can be precisely tailored to meet specific crop needs, offering a significant improvement over traditional methods (Souza et al., 2020; Shayanthan et al., 2022).

3 Risk Assessment for SynComs

3.1 Identification of potential risks associated with SynComs

The adoption of synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) in agriculture presents several potential risks that need to be carefully identified and managed. One primary concern is the unintended ecological impact that these engineered communities might have on native microbial populations and overall soil health. The introduction of SynComs could disrupt existing microbial ecosystems, potentially leading to a loss of biodiversity and the displacement of beneficial native microbes (Souza et al., 2020; Shayanthan et al., 2022; Martins et al., 2023). Additionally, there is a risk of horizontal gene transfer between SynComs and native microbes, which could result in the spread of undesirable traits, such as antibiotic resistance (Martins et al., 2023). Another significant risk is the potential for SynComs to evolve over time, leading to changes in their functionality and interactions with plants, which could result in unpredictable outcomes (Sai et al., 2022; Martins et al., 2023).

3.2 Methodologies for risk assessment

To effectively assess the risks associated with SynComs, a comprehensive risk assessment framework must be employed. This framework typically includes hazard identification, exposure assessment, and risk characterization.

Hazard identification: This involves identifying the specific traits and behaviors of SynComs that could pose risks to the environment or human health. For instance, the production of secondary metabolites by SynComs that could be toxic to non-target organisms (Tsolakidou et al., 2018; Martins et al., 2023).

Exposure assessment: This step evaluates the likelihood and extent of exposure to the SynComs. It involves studying the persistence and spread of SynComs in the environment, their ability to colonize non-target plants, and their potential to transfer genes to native microbial communities (Souza et al., 2020; Shayanthan et al., 2022; Shayanthan et al., 2022).

Risk characterization: This final step integrates the data from hazard identification and exposure assessment to estimate the overall risk. It involves modeling the potential impacts of SynComs under various environmental conditions and management practices to predict their long-term effects on agricultural ecosystems (Marín et al., 2021; Martins et al., 2023).

3.3 Case studies of risk assessment in SynCom applications

Several case studies have demonstrated the practical application of risk assessment methodologies in evaluating SynComs. For example, the study of Yin et al. (2022) on SynComs derived from rhizosphere soil showed that while these communities could protect wheat against a soilborne fungal pathogen, their effectiveness varied, and they were not always more beneficial than single strains. This highlights the importance of assessing the specific interactions and outcomes of SynComs in different environmental contexts.

Another case study focused on the use of compost-derived SynComs to improve plant growth and health. Tsolakidou et al. (2018) found that while certain SynComs promoted tomato growth and suppressed disease symptoms, others had negative effects on Arabidopsis (Figure 1), underscoring the need for careful selection and testing of SynComs before field application.

Figure 1 Negative effects of synthetic communities (SynComs) on Arabidopsis plant growth and root system architecture (Adopted from Tsolakidou et al., 2018) Image caption: Effect of bacterial synthetic communities on (a) shoot weight, (b) primary root length and (c) root weight of Arabidopsis plants (n = 21); Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between treatments: ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns, not significant, one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test; (d) Representative pictures of seedlings growing in control plates and plates with SynCom1 and SynCom2; Pictures were taken 20 d post co-cultivation (Adopted from Tsolakidou et al., 2018)

Tsolakidou et al. (2018) demonstrates the negative impacts of synthetic communities (SynComs) on Arabidopsis plant growth and root system architecture. Panel (a) shows a significant reduction in shoot fresh weight for SynCom1-treated plants. Panel (b) reveals a substantial decrease in primary root length for SynCom1. Panel (c) indicates a significant reduction in root fresh weight for SynCom1. This case study underscores the critical need for comprehensive risk assessments of SynComs before their widespread agricultural application. While SynComs have potential benefits, they might also disrupt plant development. Rigorous risk assessments can help identify and mitigate adverse effects, ensuring that SynComs are safe and effective for enhancing crop performance without unintended negative consequences.

These case studies illustrate the critical role of thorough risk assessment in ensuring the safe and effective use of SynComs in agriculture, highlighting both the potential benefits and the challenges that need to be addressed.

4 Strategies for Mitigating Risks

4.1 Technical strategies for reducing risks

Technical strategies are essential for minimizing the risks associated with the deployment of synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) in agriculture. One effective approach is the use of containment strategies, which involve physical and biological barriers to prevent the unintended spread of SynComs. For instance, genetic safeguards such as kill switches and auxotrophy can be engineered into microbial strains to ensure they do not survive outside their intended environment (Souza et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2023). Additionally, computational methods, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, can be employed to screen and identify beneficial microbes while optimizing the best combination of microbes for desired plant phenotypes, thereby reducing the risk of unintended consequences (Souza et al., 2020).

4.2 Regulatory approaches to ensure safety and compliance

Regulatory frameworks play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and compliant use of SynComs in agriculture. These frameworks should include stringent guidelines for the development, testing, and deployment of SynComs. Regulatory bodies must establish protocols for risk assessment, including environmental impact studies and long-term monitoring of SynComs in agricultural settings (Shayanthan et al., 2022; Pradhan et al., 2022). Furthermore, international collaboration and harmonization of regulations can facilitate the safe global adoption of SynComs, ensuring that they meet safety standards across different regions (Pradhan et al., 2022).

4.3 Best practices for the safe deployment of SynComs in agriculture

Best practices for the deployment of SynComs involve a combination of technical, regulatory, and operational strategies. It is essential to conduct thorough field trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SynComs under various environmental conditions (Wang et al., 2021). These trials should be designed to monitor the stability and performance of SynComs, as well as their interactions with native microbial communities and the host plants  (Sai et al., 2022). Wang et al. (2021) demonstrated through field experiments that the application of SynComs has a stable and significant effect (Figure 2). Additionally, adopting a holistic approach that integrates omics technologies with traditional agricultural practices can enhance the effectiveness and safety of SynComs (Pradhan et al., 2022). Continuous education and training of farmers and stakeholders on the benefits and risks of SynComs are also vital for their successful and safe implementation (Wang et al., 2023).

Figure 2 Field application of SynComs in different sites (Adopted from Wang et al., 2021) Image caption: (A) Yield performance, bar = 10 cm. (B, D) Pod number. (C, E) Seed weight. Soybean plants with or without SynCom application were grown in field site II (A-C) and III (D, E). Different letters indicate significant differences among different treatments in Duncan’s multiple comparisons test (Adopted from Wang et al., 2021)

5 Public Perception and Concerns

5.1 Common public concerns and misconceptions about SynComs

The adoption of engineered synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) in agriculture is often met with public skepticism and concern. Common misconceptions include fears about the potential for SynComs to disrupt natural ecosystems, cause unintended harm to non-target organisms, and contribute to the development of resistant pathogens. Additionally, there is a general apprehension about the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture, which extends to SynComs due to their engineered nature (Souza et al., 2020; Yin et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023). These concerns are often fueled by a lack of understanding of the scientific principles behind SynComs and their potential benefits for sustainable agriculture.

5.2 Factors influencing public perception

Public perception of SynComs is influenced by several factors, including the level of scientific literacy, trust in regulatory bodies, and the transparency of information provided by researchers and companies. Media representation plays a significant role in shaping public opinion, often highlighting potential risks over benefits. Additionally, cultural attitudes towards biotechnology and previous experiences with agricultural innovations, such as GMOs, can heavily influence public acceptance or rejection of SynComs (Souza et al., 2020; Shayanthan et al., 2022; Sai et al., 2022). Effective communication strategies that address these factors are crucial for improving public perception and acceptance of SynComs.

5.3 Case studies of public perception in similar biotechnological advancements

Examining public perception of similar biotechnological advancements can provide valuable insights for the adoption of SynComs. For instance, the introduction of GMOs in agriculture faced significant public resistance due to concerns about safety, environmental impact, and ethical considerations. However, over time, with increased regulatory oversight and public education, acceptance has grown in some regions (Sai et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023). Another relevant case is the use of biopesticides, which initially faced skepticism but have gradually gained acceptance as their benefits for sustainable agriculture became more evident (Yin et al., 2022; Shayanthan et al., 2022). These case studies highlight the importance of transparent communication, robust regulatory frameworks, and ongoing public engagement in fostering acceptance of new biotechnological innovations.

By addressing public concerns, understanding the factors that influence perception, and learning from past experiences with similar technologies, we can develop effective risk assessment and communication strategies to bridge the gap between science and public perception regarding the use of SynComs in agriculture.

6 Effective Communication Strategies

6.1 Principles of effective science communication

Effective science communication should be clear, transparent, and engaging. The following principles can help achieve these goals:

1) Clarity: Communicate complex scientific concepts in simple, understandable language without compromising accuracy. Avoid jargon and technical terms that might alienate non-expert audiences  (Fischhoff, 2018).

2) Transparency: Be open about the benefits and risks associated with SynComs. Transparency builds trust and allows stakeholders to make informed decisions (Illingworth, 2017).

3) Engagement: Encourage dialogue and feedback from stakeholders. Engagement fosters a sense of involvement and ownership, which can lead to greater acceptance and support (Tan and Perucho, 2018).

4) Relevance: Highlight the direct impact and benefits of SynComs on stakeholders’ lives. Making the information relevant to their experiences and concerns can increase their interest and acceptance (Martin and MacDonald, 2020).

5) Credibility: Use credible sources and evidence-based information. Partner with trusted institutions and experts to enhance the credibility of the communication (Muresan, 2023).

6) Consistency: Maintain a consistent message across all communication platforms and over time to avoid confusion and build a coherent narrative (Borowiec, 2023).

6.2 Tailoring messages for different stakeholder groups

Different stakeholder groups have varying levels of understanding, interests, and concerns regarding SynComs. Tailoring messages to these specific groups can enhance the effectiveness of communication:

Farmers: Focus on the practical benefits of SynComs, such as increased crop yields, reduced need for chemical fertilizers, and cost savings. Provide case studies and testimonials from other farmers who have successfully implemented SynComs.

Consumers: Emphasize the safety and environmental benefits of SynComs, such as reduced pesticide use and sustainable farming practices. Address common concerns about food safety and the naturalness of the products.

Policymakers: Provide detailed, evidence-based information on the economic, environmental, and social impacts of SynComs. Highlight the potential for SynComs to contribute to sustainable agriculture and food security. Include policy recommendations and examples of successful regulations from other regions.

Scientists and researchers: Share detailed technical data, research findings, and opportunities for collaboration. Emphasize the potential for innovation and advancement in the field.

General public: Use relatable analogies and stories to explain how SynComs work and their benefits. Address myths and misconceptions directly and provide easy-to-understand scientific explanations.

6.3 Tools and channels for communication

Selecting the right tools and channels for communication is essential for reaching diverse stakeholder groups effectively. Some effective tools and channels include:

1) Social media: Platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram can reach a broad audience quickly. Use these platforms to share infographics, short videos, and links to more detailed content (Troise and Camilleri, 2021).

2) Educational campaigns: Develop educational materials such as brochures, videos, and interactive websites to inform stakeholders about SynComs. Partner with schools, universities, and community organizations to disseminate these materials.

3) Traditional media: Utilize newspapers, magazines, radio, and television to reach audiences who might not be active on social media. Provide press releases, expert interviews, and opinion pieces to share your message  (Hallerberg et al., 2018).

4) Scientific publications and conferences: Publish research findings in peer-reviewed journals and present at scientific conferences to reach the academic and research community. This establishes credibility and encourages further research and collaboration.

5) Webinars and online platforms: Host webinars and create online platforms where stakeholders can access information, participate in discussions, and provide feedback. This approach is particularly useful for reaching geographically dispersed audiences (Ali et al., 2015).

6) Community engagement: Work with local community leaders and organizations to spread information and build support for SynComs. Community-based approaches can be particularly effective in rural and agricultural regions.

7 Bridging Science and Public Perception

7.1 Role of scientists and researchers in public engagement

7.1.1 Communicating expertise and insights

Scientists and researchers possess the in-depth knowledge necessary to explain the complexities of SynComs. By effectively communicating their expertise, they can demystify the science behind SynComs, making it more accessible and understandable to the public. This involves breaking down technical jargon into simple, relatable terms and providing clear explanations of how SynComs work and their potential benefits and risks (Pham, 2016).

7.1.2 Engaging in dialogue and listening to concerns

Effective public engagement is a two-way street. Scientists and researchers should actively participate in dialogues with various stakeholder groups, including farmers, consumers, policymakers, and the general public. Listening to concerns, answering questions, and addressing misconceptions are essential for fostering a collaborative and supportive environment. This engagement can take place through public forums, community meetings, social media interactions, and other platforms that facilitate open communication (Caballe and Bardelli, 2021).

7.1.3 Providing evidence-based information

In an age where misinformation can spread rapidly, it is vital for scientists and researchers to provide evidence-based information. This involves not only presenting the scientific facts but also explaining the methodologies and rigor behind the research. By doing so, they can counteract misinformation and help the public make informed decisions based on reliable data (Besley et al., 2018).

7.1.4 Leading by example

Scientists and researchers should lead by example, demonstrating the ethical use of SynComs and adherence to safety standards. By showcasing successful applications and transparent research practices, they can provide tangible examples of the benefits and safety measures associated with SynComs. This leadership can inspire confidence and support from the public and other stakeholders (Rajput and Sharma, 2022).

7.1.5 Engaging with policy development

Active involvement in policy development is another crucial role for scientists and researchers. By contributing their expertise to the creation of regulations and guidelines, they can ensure that policies are informed by the latest scientific knowledge and are designed to protect public health and the environment. This involvement also allows them to advocate for policies that support the responsible development and deployment of SynComs (Hetherington and Phillips, 2020).

7.2 Building trust through transparency and openness

Building trust with the public is crucial for the acceptance of SynComs in agriculture. Transparency and openness in the development, testing, and deployment of these technologies can significantly enhance public trust.

One of the primary ways to build trust is by openly sharing the scientific processes and results associated with SynComs. For instance, the study by Sai et al. (2022) highlights the potential of SynComs to reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers and improve crop resilience against various stresses. By making such findings accessible and understandable to the public, scientists can demystify the technology and demonstrate its benefits.

Moreover, it is essential to communicate the safety and efficacy of SynComs. The research conducted by Yin et al. (2022) provides a detailed characterization of SynComs derived from rhizosphere soil and their protective effects against soilborne fungal pathogens. Sharing such detailed studies, including the methodologies and results, can help the public understand the rigorous testing and validation processes that SynComs undergo before being considered for agricultural use.

Engaging with the public through various platforms, including social media, public forums, and educational workshops, can also foster a sense of involvement and ownership. By involving stakeholders in the conversation, scientists can address concerns, answer questions, and provide evidence-based information about the benefits and risks associated with SynComs.

7.3 Collaborative approaches to address public concerns and feedback

The adoption of engineered synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) in agriculture holds significant promise for enhancing crop resilience and sustainability. However, public perception and acceptance of these biotechnological innovations are critical for their successful implementation. Collaborative approaches that involve multiple stakeholders, including scientists, farmers, policymakers, and the general public, are essential to address public concerns and incorporate feedback effectively.

One effective strategy is to engage in transparent and continuous communication about the benefits and risks associated with SynComs. For instance, research has demonstrated that SynComs can protect crops like wheat from soilborne pathogens such as Rhizoctonia solani AG8, thereby improving crop resilience and reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers (Yin et al., 2022). Highlighting such tangible benefits can help build public trust and acceptance.

Moreover, it is crucial to address the variability in field performance of SynComs due to different crops, soil types, and agro-ecological conditions. Traditional single isolate studies often fail to account for these variables, leading to inconsistent results. By shifting towards an ecology-based inoculant development model, as suggested by Sai et al. (2022), we can improve the reproducibility and effectiveness of SynComs in diverse agricultural settings. This approach not only enhances scientific credibility but also reassures the public about the reliability of SynComs.

Engaging farmers in the research and development process can also provide valuable insights and foster a sense of ownership and trust. Farmers’ experiential knowledge and feedback can guide the optimization of SynCom formulations to better suit local conditions and needs. Additionally, involving policymakers in the dialogue ensures that regulatory frameworks are supportive and adaptive to the evolving landscape of agricultural biotechnology.

In summary, a collaborative approach that emphasizes transparent communication, addresses variability in field performance, and involves key stakeholders in the development and regulatory processes is essential for bridging the gap between scientific advancements and public perception. By doing so, we can foster a more informed and supportive environment for the adoption of SynComs in agriculture.

8 Case Studies and Best Practices

8.1 The successful risk communication strategies in agriculture: application of rhizosphere microbial community in Brazil

The successful promotion of rhizosphere microbial community in Brazil has provided us with valuable insights.Its success is attributed to early and ongoing stakeholder engagement, comprehensive scientific evidence, and the resolution of ethical issues. Gonçalves et al. (2023) designed a minimal synthetic microbial community (MinCom) using an in-silico approach. Researchers began with 270 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from the microbiomes of Campos rupestres, specifically those associated with Vellozia epidendroides and Barbacenia macrantha (Figure 3). They utilized genome-scale metabolic networks (GSMNs) to identify essential compounds necessary for microbial metabolism and plant interactions. The resulting MinCom retained key genes involved in iron acquisition, exopolysaccharide production, potassium solubilization, nitrogen fixation, GABA production, and IAA-related tryptophan metabolism. Through the in-silico selection process, six hub species with notable taxonomic novelty were identified, enhancing our understanding of microbe-microbe-plant interactions.

Figure 3 The workflow of the SymCom employed in this case (Adopted from Gonçalves et al., 2023) Image caption: (1) The study starts with the use of 270 MAGs obtained from the microbiomes associated with V. epidendroides and B. macrantha in Campos rupestres; (2) Genome-scale metabolic networks (GSMNs) of individual metagenome-assembled genomes were reconstructed using the M2M tool suite; To determine the target compound, which encompasses crucial compounds for their metabolism, as well as by incorporating GSMNs of significant crop plants; (3) A minimal community (MinCom) was curated from the original microbiome community linked to V. epidendroides and B. macrantha; From this MinCom, genes associated with plant growth-promoting traits (PGPTs) were identified; (4) employed a reverse ecology approach; (5) Select species that collectively constitute the SymCom (Adapted from Gonçalves et al., 2023)

In this case, the research team engaged with farmers, agronomists, scientists, and regulatory bodies from the outset. This collaborative approach ensured that stakeholders were well-informed about the goals, processes, and potential benefits and risks of using SynComs. Meanwhile, comprehensive scientific evidence was shared to support the safety and efficacy of the SynComs. The researchers provided data from their in-silico modeling and field trials, highlighting the successful reduction in community size and retention of essential PGPTs. This evidence-based approach helped to build trust among stakeholders. Furthermore, the research team proactively addressed potential ethical and environmental concerns by engaging with ethicists and environmental scientists. Discussions on the long-term implications of SynComs and strategies for mitigating risks were integral to the communication process.

These strategies led to widespread acceptance and adoption of rhizosphere microbial community in Brazil, with farmers reporting numerous benefits, including increased crop yields, enhanced soil fertility, reduced environmental impact, and cost savings. Learning from Brazil’s success, stakeholders promoting SynComs can develop effective communication strategies that address the needs and concerns of farmers and other key stakeholders, ultimately leading to their successful adoption in agriculture.

8.2 Lessons learned from other biotechnological fields

The fields of GMOs and CRISPR have provided valuable lessons for the adoption of SynComs in agriculture. One key lesson is the importance of addressing ethical and safety concerns through rigorous scientific research and transparent communication. For example, the initial public resistance to GMOs was partly due to a lack of understanding and perceived risks. Over time, extensive research and public education efforts have helped to alleviate some of these concerns (Vannier et al., 2019). Similarly, CRISPR technology has faced scrutiny, but proactive communication about its precision and potential benefits has helped to foster a more informed public dialogue (Pradhan et al., 2022). These experiences underscore the need for ongoing public engagement and education to build trust in new biotechnological applications, including SynComs (Liu et al., 2019; Marín et al., 2021).

8.3 Recommendations for improving communication and public acceptance of SynComs

To improve communication and public acceptance of SynComs, several strategies can be recommended:

1) Stakeholder engagement: Involve farmers, consumers, and other stakeholders early in the development and implementation process. This can help to address concerns and build trust (Vannier et al., 2019; Pradhan et al., 2022).

2) Transparent communication: Provide clear, accessible information about the benefits and risks of SynComs. Use multiple platforms, including social media, public forums, and educational campaigns, to reach a broad audience (Martins et al., 2023; Souza et al., 2020).

3) Evidence-based information: Share scientific evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of SynComs. Highlight successful case studies and real-world applications to demonstrate their potential (Yin et al., 2022; Coker et al., 2022).

4) Regulatory support: Work with regulatory bodies to ensure that SynComs meet safety and environmental standards. Clear regulatory guidelines can help to reassure the public about the safety of these technologies  (Tsolakidou et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2021).

5) Addressing ethical concerns: Be proactive in addressing ethical and environmental concerns. Engage with ethicists, environmentalists, and other experts to ensure that SynComs are developed and used responsibly  (Liu et al., 2019; Marín et al., 2021).

6) Educational initiatives: Develop educational programs for schools and universities to raise awareness about SynComs and their potential benefits. This can help to build a more informed and supportive public (Vannier et al., 2019; Pradhan et al., 2022).

9 Future Directions and Recommendations

9.1 Emerging trends and challenges in SynCom risk assessment and communication

The adoption of Synthetic Microbial Communities (SynComs) in agriculture is gaining momentum due to their potential to enhance crop resilience and productivity. However, several emerging trends and challenges need to be addressed to ensure their safe and effective implementation. One significant trend is the increasing use of computational methods, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, to screen and identify beneficial microbes, which can improve the process of determining the best combination of microbes for desired plant phenotypes (Souza et al., 2020). Despite these advancements, challenges remain in ensuring the stability and reproducibility of SynComs in diverse environmental conditions (Shayanthan et al., 2022; Sai et al., 2022). Additionally, the potential for horizontal gene transfer and retained mutations within SynComs poses a risk to long-term plant phenotype stability (Martins et al., 2023). Effective risk assessment frameworks and transparent communication strategies are essential to address public concerns and regulatory requirements.

9.2 Recommendations for ongoing research and policy development

To advance the field of SynComs in agriculture, several recommendations for ongoing research and policy development are proposed. First, there is a need for comprehensive studies that explore the interactions between SynComs and various plant species under different environmental conditions to ensure consistent performance (Wang et al., 2021; Yin et al., 2022). Research should also focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying microbial interactions within SynComs and their impact on plant health and growth (Liu et al., 2019; Arnault et al., 2023). Policymakers should develop guidelines for the safe use of SynComs, including protocols for risk assessment and management. Additionally, fostering collaborations between researchers, industry stakeholders, and regulatory bodies can facilitate the development of standardized practices and promote public trust in SynCom technologies (Wang et al., 2023).

9.3 Long-term vision for the integration of SynComs in sustainable agriculture

The long-term vision for integrating SynComs into sustainable agriculture involves creating robust, multifunctional microbial communities that can enhance crop productivity while reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. By leveraging the synergistic interactions within SynComs, it is possible to develop inoculants that improve nutrient acquisition, drought mitigation, and pathogen resistance (Sai et al., 2022). Future research should aim to optimize SynCom compositions for specific crops and environmental conditions, ensuring their adaptability and effectiveness in diverse agricultural settings (Wang et al., 2021). Additionally, the integration of SynComs with precision agriculture technologies can enable real-time monitoring and management of microbial communities, further enhancing their benefits (Martins et al., 2023). Ultimately, the successful adoption of SynComs in agriculture will require a holistic approach that combines scientific innovation, regulatory support, and effective communication to bridge the gap between science and public perception (Shayanthan et al., 2022; Pradhan et al., 2022).

10 Concluding Remarks

The adoption of engineered synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) in agriculture presents both significant opportunities and challenges. This study has explored various aspects of risk assessment and communication strategies necessary for the successful integration of SynComs into agricultural practices. Key insights include the potential of SynComs to enhance crop productivity, soil health, and sustainability, and the critical importance of addressing public concerns through effective communication and transparency. A comprehensive understanding of SynComs’ benefits and risks, coupled with robust regulatory frameworks and stakeholder engagement, is essential for fostering public acceptance and trust.

The insights discussed in this study have several implications for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. Researchers: There is a need for ongoing interdisciplinary research to advance SynCom technology, improve risk assessment methodologies, and develop effective mitigation strategies. Researchers should prioritize transparent communication of their findings and actively engage with the public to address concerns and build trust; Policymakers: Policymakers play a crucial role in establishing regulatory frameworks that ensure the safe and effective deployment of SynComs. This includes developing standardized risk assessment protocols, fostering international collaboration, and promoting policies that support sustainable agricultural practices. Policymakers should also facilitate public engagement and education initiatives to enhance scientific literacy and informed decision-making; Industry Stakeholders: The agricultural industry must collaborate with researchers and policymakers to develop and implement SynCom technologies responsibly. This involves adhering to regulatory standards, investing in risk mitigation strategies, and engaging in transparent communication with consumers and other stakeholders. Industry stakeholders should also support education and training programs to help farmers adopt SynComs effectively.

Bridging the gap between scientific advancements and public perception is crucial for the successful adoption of SynComs in agriculture. To achieve this, a coordinated effort from all stakeholders is required. All stakeholders must commit to transparency in research, development, and regulatory processes. Openly sharing data, methodologies, and findings will help build credibility and trust. Develop and implement public engagement and education initiatives that improve scientific literacy and address misconceptions about SynComs. Utilize various communication channels, including social media, public forums, and educational campaigns, to reach diverse audiences. Encourage collaboration between researchers, policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the public. Multi-stakeholder dialogues and partnerships can help identify common goals, address concerns, and develop mutually acceptable solutions. Support Ethical and Responsible Innovation: Ensure that the development and deployment of SynComs are guided by ethical considerations and responsible innovation principles. This includes actively considering the social, ethical, and environmental implications of SynComs and involving diverse stakeholder groups in the decision-making process. Establish long-term environmental and ecological monitoring programs to track the impacts of SynComs and adapt practices based on new findings. Continuous monitoring and adaptive management are essential for ensuring the sustainability and safety of SynComs.

By taking these actions, stakeholders can bridge the gap between science and public perception, ensuring that SynComs are adopted in a manner that maximizes their benefits while addressing safety and public concerns. This collaborative approach will contribute to the development of sustainable and resilient agricultural systems, ultimately enhancing global food security and environmental health.

Funding

This research was funded by a grant from The Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Reference

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